Justia U.S. D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

Several oil refineries with average daily crude oil throughput below 75,000 barrels in 2024 applied to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2025 for exemptions from their obligations under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program for the 2024 compliance year. The RFS program, established under the Clean Air Act, requires refineries to blend renewable fuels into transportation fuels. The Act provides for a “small refinery” exemption for facilities that do not exceed the 75,000-barrel threshold in a calendar year. The petitioning refineries did not seek exemptions for 2023 and based their applications solely on their 2024 throughput.After the refineries submitted their applications, the EPA informed them that, under its 2014 regulation, eligibility required a refinery to meet the “small refinery” definition both for "the most recent full calendar year prior to seeking an extension" and for "the year or years for which an exemption is sought." The EPA interpreted this to mean petitioners needed to satisfy the throughput limit in both 2023 and 2024. Since the refineries exceeded the threshold in 2023, the EPA denied the exemption requests. The refineries then sought review in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.The D.C. Circuit held that the EPA’s interpretation of its 2014 regulation was contrary to the regulation’s plain text. The court found that, because the applications were filed in 2025 for the 2024 compliance year, both the “most recent full calendar year prior to seeking an extension” and “the year for which an exemption is sought” referred to 2024. Since the petitioners met the threshold in 2024, they were eligible under the regulation. The court vacated the EPA’s denial orders and remanded for further proceedings. View "Alon Refining Krotz Springs, Inc. v. EPA" on Justia Law

A Canadian investment company provided loans to Mexican companies owned by a businessman, securing these loans with mortgages and promissory notes. When the Mexican companies defaulted, the investor attempted to recover its funds through negotiations and litigation in Mexico. The investor alleged that a fraudulent scheme, orchestrated by the businessman, led to a forged settlement used in Mexican court to void the loans. After Mexican courts did not provide relief, the investor initiated arbitration against Mexico under NAFTA, claiming Mexico failed to provide the protections required for foreign investments.The arbitral tribunal, seated in Washington, D.C., found that only the mortgages—not the promissory notes—qualified as protected “investments” under NAFTA. The tribunal concluded that Mexico had breached its obligations under Article 1105(1) by failing to provide fair and equitable treatment to the investor’s qualifying investments, awarding $47 million in compensation to the investor. Mexico then petitioned the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to vacate the award, arguing the arbitrators exceeded their authority and disregarded the law. The district court rejected these arguments, confirming the award. Separately, the businessman sought to intervene in the proceedings, claiming his interests were harmed, but the district court denied intervention.The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reviewed the case. It held that the arbitral tribunal did not exceed its powers, as it at least arguably interpreted the relevant treaty provisions, and did not act in manifest disregard of the law. The appellate court also held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the businessman’s motion to intervene, finding Mexico adequately represented his interests. The court affirmed the district court’s order in full. View "United Mexican States v. Lion Mexico Consolidated L.P." on Justia Law

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States government suspended the processing of Diversity Immigrant Visa (DV) applications for the 2021 fiscal year. The State Department halted interviews and adjudication of diversity visa applications, and a presidential proclamation further restricted the entry of DV selectees. Processing resumed only after the proclamation was revoked, leaving many selectees unable to complete the process before the fiscal year ended. Some applicants in this group received visas and became lawful permanent residents, but others did not receive any meaningful response to their applications.Applicants who did not receive visas, as well as those who did, filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. They challenged the State Department’s handling of the 2021 DV Program and sought, among other remedies, an injunction requiring the government to adjudicate their visa applications or preserve their eligibility beyond the fiscal year. The district court denied a preliminary injunction and ultimately dismissed the equitable claims as moot, finding that it could not grant relief after the fiscal year ended. The court also dismissed other claims—including requests for declaratory relief and nominal damages—for lack of standing, and denied the plaintiffs’ request to file supplemental briefing.On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed the district court’s judgment. The appellate court held that claims seeking preservation of visa eligibility were moot in light of prior circuit precedent, since courts cannot order visa processing beyond the relevant fiscal year. It also found that the plaintiffs lacked standing for their remaining claims because past injuries alone did not justify declaratory relief, nominal damages were barred by sovereign immunity, and equitable claims were foreclosed by precedent. The court further concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying supplemental briefing. View "Gjoci v. DOS" on Justia Law

A trade association representing the majority of the world’s liner shipping services challenged a rule issued by the Federal Maritime Commission. Under recent amendments to the Shipping Act, Congress directed the Commission to define what constitutes an “unreasonable refusal to deal or negotiate” by ocean common carriers regarding vessel space accommodations. The Commission responded by adopting a rule specifying non-binding factors for evaluating unreasonable refusals, including whether a carrier quoted rates vastly above market value, required carriers to submit an annual “documented export policy,” and removed explicit reference to “business decisions” from its list of factors. The association objected, arguing that the rule exceeded the Commission’s authority and was arbitrary and capricious.After the Commission published its final rule, the association filed a petition for review in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The association claimed that the Commission lacked authority to consider price in its analysis, that the requirement for a documented export policy was ultra vires and arbitrary, and that removal of the “business decisions” factor was likewise arbitrary. The Commission defended the rule’s approach, asserting its statutory power to require reports and to evaluate factors relevant to reasonableness.The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit denied the petition for review. The court held that the Commission’s consideration of price as an indicator of unreasonable refusal did not amount to unauthorized rate regulation, and that the requirement for a documented export policy was within the Commission’s statutory authority. The court also found that the omission of “business decisions” as a listed factor did not preclude their consideration in individual cases. The court concluded that the rule was neither beyond the Commission’s statutory authority nor arbitrary and capricious. View "World Shipping Council v. FMC" on Justia Law

Mine operators received citations from the Secretary of Labor under the Mine Act for alleged safety violations, some of which were designated as “significant and substantial” (S&S). The operators contested these citations before the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission. Subsequently, the Secretary sought to modify some citations by removing S&S designations and reducing penalties, or to vacate certain citations, as part of proposed settlements. The Secretary provided no explanations for these changes.Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) for the Commission denied the Secretary’s motions to settle or dismiss, emphasizing the lack of explanation for the modifications. Upon interlocutory review, the Commission affirmed the ALJs’ decisions, holding that section 110(k) of the Mine Act requires the Secretary to provide sufficient reasoning and justification when removing S&S designations or vacating citations in the context of settlement motions. The Secretary then petitioned for review of these nonfinal orders in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit concluded that it lacked appellate jurisdiction to review the Commission’s nonfinal orders, as these orders did not meet the requirements for immediate appeal under the collateral-order doctrine. The court found the Secretary’s interest in modifying or vacating citations via settlement agreements to be adequately protected by the availability of review after a final order. The court determined that delaying review would not imperil a substantial public interest. Therefore, the court dismissed the Secretary’s petitions for review for lack of jurisdiction. View "Secretary of Labor v. Knight Hawk Coal, LLC" on Justia Law

Florida sought approval from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assume authority for issuing permits under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, which would allow parties to discharge pollutants into state waters. To streamline the process for permit applicants and reduce the burden of complying with the Endangered Species Act (ESA), Florida proposed a permitting program in which the state would monitor and protect ESA-listed species primarily through a “technical assistance process,” with only advisory input from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The EPA and FWS approved Florida’s proposal after the FWS issued a programmatic Biological Opinion (BiOp) and Incidental Take Statement (ITS) that found no jeopardy to protected species and exempted permittees from further ESA liability, relying heavily on Florida’s assurances rather than detailed, up-front analysis.The United States District Court for the District of Columbia reviewed the actions of the EPA and FWS after environmental groups challenged Florida’s permitting program, asserting violations of the ESA and Administrative Procedure Act (APA). The district court found that the FWS’s BiOp and ITS were unlawful because they failed to conduct the required analyses and deferred essential protections to a less rigorous state-run process. The court also determined the EPA’s reliance on these documents was impermissible and that the EPA had wrongly failed to consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). As a remedy, the district court vacated the EPA’s approval of Florida’s permitting program along with the BiOp and ITS.On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed the district court’s judgment. The court held that the environmental groups had standing and their claims were ripe. It concluded that the FWS’s BiOp and ITS did not comply with the ESA, that the EPA’s reliance on those documents was unlawful, and that the EPA erred by not consulting with the NMFS. The court required vacatur of the EPA’s approval of Florida’s permitting program and the associated ESA documents. View "Center for Biological Diversity v. Zeldin" on Justia Law

A foreign service officer with the Department of State alleged that her employee evaluation review for 2016 contained false and prejudicial statements, which she claimed delayed her eligibility for tenure. After her administrative grievance was denied, she appealed to the Foreign Service Grievance Board. The Board conditionally dismissed her appeal, contingent on the Department providing certain corrective actions. Over the following years, the officer and the Department exchanged multiple motions regarding the completeness of the relief provided and attorney’s fees. Ultimately, the Board found that the Department had provided the promised relief, denied her motion for attorney’s fees on the grounds she was not a prevailing party, and closed the case, barring further filings.Subsequently, the officer filed a five-count complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, challenging several Board orders as arbitrary and seeking attorney’s fees, costs, and other relief. The district court dismissed counts I through IV as time-barred, holding that the 180-day statute of limitations began when the Board closed the case and was only paused during reconsideration proceedings, making her claims untimely. The court also dismissed count V for lack of jurisdiction, finding no right under Board rules to file further motions.On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that the timely motion for reconsideration rendered the underlying Board order nonfinal for purposes of judicial review and reset the statute of limitations. Therefore, the officer’s claims in counts I through IV were timely. However, the appellate court affirmed dismissal of count V, concluding she failed to state a claim because the Board’s regulations did not guarantee her the right to additional filings or attorney’s fees. The decision was affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings on counts I through IV. View "Simmons v. Rubio" on Justia Law

Law enforcement agencies from the FBI, ATF, and the D.C. Metropolitan Police jointly investigated two individuals suspected of drug and firearms trafficking in the D.C., Maryland, and Virginia area. Through surveillance and controlled purchases, officers identified Linwood Thorne as a key supplier. They determined Thorne likely resided in D.C. and operated a business in Maryland. Searches of both locations produced significant quantities of drugs, drug paraphernalia, and firearms, some of which were unregistered and linked to Thorne. When authorities sought to arrest Thorne, they obtained warrants to track two of his cell phones, using both GPS-ping and cell-site-simulator methods. The D.C. magistrate judge issued these warrants. Officers ultimately located and arrested Thorne in Baltimore, Maryland, using the warrant for his D.C.-area code phone.A grand jury in the District of Columbia indicted Thorne on multiple drug and firearms charges. Before trial in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Thorne moved to suppress evidence obtained via the cell-site-simulator warrant, arguing the warrant violated Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(b) because there was insufficient evidence that the targeted phone was in D.C. when the warrant was issued. The district court denied suppression, reasoning that the warrant was valid or, in the alternative, that the good-faith exception applied. After trial, a jury convicted Thorne on most counts, and he appealed.The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reviewed the case. The court assumed, without deciding, that a Rule 41(b) violation may have occurred, but held that suppression was unwarranted because the law enforcement officers reasonably relied on the warrant in good faith. The court affirmed the district court’s denial of the suppression motion and the convictions, holding that the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies to warrants with potential Rule 41(b) venue defects. View "USA v. Thorne" on Justia Law

Lieutenant Ernest Mitchell, a U.S. Navy officer, was serving as the Command Duty Officer aboard the USS Howard when he left the ship without authorization to move his car prior to the ship’s relocation. He failed to inform his commanding officer or transfer his duties to another qualified person during his absence. This incident, along with prior documented deficiencies in communication and adherence to standards, led to a series of disciplinary actions. These included his detachment from the ship for cause, findings by a Board of Inquiry of violations under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, delay and eventual removal from a promotion list, and denial of his efforts to remove adverse records and secure his promotion.After exhausting administrative remedies, Mitchell filed suit against the Secretary of the Navy in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, alleging that the Navy’s actions violated the Administrative Procedure Act. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the Secretary, determining that the Navy’s actions were reasonable and supported by a satisfactory explanation.The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reviewed the district court’s decision de novo, applying a highly deferential standard to the military’s factfinding. The appellate court rejected Mitchell’s argument that he was entitled to promotion by operation of law under 10 U.S.C. § 624(d), holding that the statute does not mandate automatic appointment if the Executive decides against it. The court also found that the Board for Correction of Naval Records did not act arbitrarily or capriciously in concluding Mitchell demonstrated substandard performance over an extended period. Accordingly, the court affirmed the district court’s judgment in favor of the Secretary of the Navy. View "Mitchell v. Phelan" on Justia Law

The case concerns a challenge brought by two renewable fuel industry groups to a 2020 rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Clean Air Act’s Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program. The challenged rule established the percentage of renewable fuel that refiners and importers must include in their annual fuel output. The groups objected to EPA’s refusal to adjust the 2020 standard to account for renewable fuel shortfalls resulting from past retroactive small refinery exemptions. While the case was pending, EPA issued a new rule in 2022 that recalculated the 2020 standards and reaffirmed its approach of not making up for past exemptions. In addition, Congress altered the statutory framework, granting EPA broader discretion in setting future renewable fuel volumes.Following the issuance of the 2022 rule, most petitioners dismissed their challenges, and the two remaining groups shifted their focus, no longer seeking to set aside the 2020 rule but instead seeking a ruling that would require EPA to change its policy in future rulemakings. They did not challenge the 2022 rule, nor did they request its invalidation.The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that the case was moot. The court reasoned that the 2022 rule superseded the 2020 rule, eliminating any live controversy over that agency action. The court further explained that the legal landscape had changed due to statutory amendments, so the original dispute no longer presented the same question. Because petitioners were not seeking to overturn any concrete, current agency action, their challenge amounted to a request for an impermissible advisory opinion. Accordingly, the court dismissed the petitions as moot. View "Clean Fuels Alliance America v. EPA" on Justia Law